Notwithstanding the unrelenting improvements being constantly made in managing blood coagulation’s problems, conventional anticoagulants still have thrombotic incidents (clots) in patients taking anticoagulants (blood thinners) and bleeding remained the most feared side effect of these indispensable life-saving drugs.

In recent years, several novel anticoagulants demonstrating obvious advantages over conventional anticoagulants have been created, developed and marketed. Their advantages over conventional anticoagulants have been validated through years of experience, but safety remained an issue. The conventional vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) drug Coumadin (warfarin) has an antidote that can neutralize its anticoagulant effect in case bleeding occurs, or the patients . . .